Is there a King Bee?
Aristotle is one of the earliest beekeepers to write scientific documents that we still have today on honeybees, even though we know beekeeping is much older then him. He wrote that there was a “King Bee” in the hive, a larger bee that would walk around and fertilize all the eggs from the female workers. He noted that the worker bees would step to the side and let him pass and that a entourage of bees followed him.
Aristotle was a leading beekeeper of his time arguing against the belief that bees were spontaneously born from dead cow carcasses called bugonia, but he obviously didn't get everything correct. His misinformed ideas about a King Bee, persistent for a bit… from the 300s BC to…. the 1600 AD.
This is miss leading, let me clarify that I'm only referring to the English language now. Most beekeepers around the world observed that the “King Bee” was indeed laying eggs and therefore was a female and most languages switched to the word “Mother Bee”. In English the official term of “King Bee” was still used until 1602 when Charles Butler published a book on the history of bees titled “The Feminine Monarchie” where he proposed switching the word to “Queen Bee”. The Newly appointed Queen Elizabeth I agreed and the English Language dropped the word “King” from its beekeeping lexical. These decisions where obviously more political than scientific.
Is she a “Queen Bee”?
In 2006 the United States got scared that all our bees were dying and bees and beekeepers briefly became important on a national level. Money for research started flowing into bee projects and the US and CA were about to change almost every understanding we had about all bees. Honeybees got their genomes mapped, they got small computer backpacks so we could track their flights and more. For the first time Beekeepers started focusing on other bees aswell like bumblebee and orchard bees in the US.
In 2010 the book “Honeybee Democracy” was published by Beekeeper Thomas D Seeley. In his study he took over an island without any honeybees and then introduced a few honeybee colonies that he meticulously observed and measured. He was studying how they migrate. He placed many different style homes for them around the island and documented their behavior as the prepared swarm, during the swarm, bivouac and until they moved into a new home. He documented that the scout bees were collectively voting on what location to move to! The scout bees where checking out the different options themselves and then returning to the swarm to vote on their choice, the colony would not move until a clear majority was reached. In some situations, a clear majority is not reached and the colony would split into two or even die.
What was the “Queen Bee's” say in this? Nothing, she is not a Monarch, she is only the mother and besides that she will follow the colonies directions.
Infact, she is always following the direction of the colony. She physically can choose to lay a male or female egg but it's not her choice. The colony makes the wax cells and the males need much larger cells than females do. If the colony wants male bees, they draw out larger cells, if they want less male bees, they remove those cells. When the Queen Bee finds a cell ready for an egg, she will lay the correct egg based on the size of the cell the colony made.
When the colony starts preparing to swarm, they will stop feeding the Queen so she can lose some weight before her flight. This is not her choice, but the colonies decision.
The Queen Bee is only in “Reign” as long as she is laying healthy eggs and the colony is not under stress. After a few years, her eggs and semen will start to dry up and the colony will kill her off. If the colony is under stress from disease or pest, they might just kill the Queen to see if that helps aswell. The Colony needs a Queen Bee to reproduce but they can live without one for a few weeks just fine.
In my experience doing removals, people always assume I need to find the Queen and then all the bees will follow, but I've seen the colony purposely kill a Queen bee because of the stress of the removal. I've seen them abandon the Queen, and I've seen many colonies with multiple queens. As long as I move more then half the colony into a better home option, the rest, including the Queen will follow.
It's all about their collective vote and what is better for the colony at large, it has nothing to do with what the “Queen Bee" wants, nor what any individual bees wants.
It is hard to switch an established word in your head, but I often try to use the term Mother Bee instead of Queen Bee. Scientifically it makes more sense and it would remove the false preconceived notion of honeybees having a monarchy which they do not. They might have a weird collective democracy if we had to personify them as having a human government, or we could just accept them as they are and understand that we don't fully understand them and that's ok.